Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI), kwv yees li 500hluav taws xob daim pam hluav taws kub ib xyoosnyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States yog ncaj qha mus raudaim pam hluav taws xoblos yog cua sov pads. Feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej no suav nrog cov khoom uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 10 xyoo. Yog li cas tsis uadaim pam hluav taws xob- cov khoom siv uas nyob twj ywm thiab ua kom muaj cua sov tsis tu ncua - inevitably ua rau hluav taws? Cov lus teb ncaj ncees yog: lawv ua tau. Kev nkag siabheated pam kev nyab xeebyuav tsum tau tracing hluav taws rov qab mus rau lawv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, ces systematically tshuaj xyuas yuav ua li cas niaj hnubhluav taws xob cua sov pamhais txog kev pheej hmoo thoob plaws peb qhov ntev: kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, nplaim taws- cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab xaiv cov khoom siv. Tsuas yog los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov tseeb seb puas tau muabpam cua sovmuaj kev ntseeg ruaj ntseg.
Yog vim li cas Electric Pam Tuag Catch Fire
Ib daim pam hluav taws xob puas tuaj yeem tua hluav taws?Yog - tab sis tsuas yog thaum ob qho xwm txheej tshwm sim ib txhij: kev tswj tsis tau cov cua sov thiab muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ib txwmdaim pam hluav taws xobsiv npib tsib xee-chromium alloy hlau ua cov cua sov, ua haujlwm ntawm 110V lossis 220V siab-voltage circuits. Hom kev tsim kho no muaj ntau yam kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb.
Thawj yog qhov chaw kub kub hauv zos. Hlau xaim cua sov cia siab rau cov cua sov tiv thaiv, faib raws cov hlau txoj kev. Ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas daim pam yog folded, khoov, los yog compressed, kub concentrates thiab hauv zos kub tuaj yeem nce siab tshaj qhov kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj.
Qhov thib ob yog hlau aging. Tom qab xyoo ntawm kev rov kho dua thiab siv, cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau conductors tsim kev qaug zog tawg. Cov ntsiab lus tawg no ua rau arcing lossis ua kom muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv ib puag ncig - thiab yog tias cov ntaub nyob ib puag ncig tsis muaj nplaim taws zoo- kev kho retardant, tig daim pam mus rau qhov hluav taws kub tiag tiag.
Qhov thib peb yog cov cua kub tsuj roj.Puas muaj kev nyab xeeb los pw ntawm daim pam hluav taws xobuas tau folded los yog pinned nyob rau hauv cov khoom hnyav? Tsis muaj - thaum tshav kub tsis tuaj yeem dissipate ib txwm, qhov kub thiab txias sab hauv nce mus txog thaum lawv tshaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Qhov tshwj xeeb txaus ntshai ntawm cov khoom laus piav qhia cov txheeb cais ntawmhluav taws xob daim pam hluav taws kub ib xyoos: raws li cov khoom tiv thaiv degrade raws sij hawm thiab nplaim taws- cov txheej txheem retardant ntxuav nrog rov qab ntxhua, ob qho tib si tsis ua hauj lwm hom sib txuas thiab cov npoo kev nyab xeeb zero.
Fuses: Kab kawg ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob
Niaj hnubdaim pam cua sovFeem ntau suav nrog ntau-theem hluav taws xob tiv thaiv nrog rau cov ntsuas kub thiab cov thermistors - tab sis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob no tuaj yeem ua tsis tau. Tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm lub fuse yog nyob rau hauv kev ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv lub cev nkaus xwb. Nws yuav tsum tsis muaj hluav taws xob tswj logic txawm li cas los xij: thaum tam sim no tshaj qhov ntsuas tus nqi, lub fuse melts thiab mus tas li lov rau hauv Circuit Court, txiav tawm txoj hauv kev uas cov cua sov tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov ntaub.
Ob hom fuse mechanisms tshwm nyob rau hauvdaim pam hluav taws xob:
Ib -lub sij hawm thermal fusesua irreversibly, mus tas li severing lub tiv thaiv Circuit Court. Feem ntau siv rau ntawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb, lawv muab kev nyab xeeb siab tshaj plaws.
PTC tus kheej -reset fusesnthuav tawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntse heev thaum lub sijhawm overcurrent - tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau qhib Circuit Court - tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau qhov kev tiv thaiv ib txwm ua kom txias, ua rau lawv zoo haum rau kev tuav cov xwm txheej dhau sijhawm dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij,PTCcov cuab yeej muaj qhov teeb meem kev puas tsuaj tseem ceeb: tom qab rov ua nws tus kheej- rov pib lub voj voog, lawv qhov pib pib thiab cov yam ntxwv rov qab maj mam txav mus, thiab lawv qhov kev tiv thaiv muaj peev xwm txo qis raws li. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb mechanism tom qabKev nyab xeeb npaum li cas yog cov pam sovuas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 10 xyoo - lawv cov fuses 'kev tiv thaiv tiag tiag tau poob zoo hauv qab lub Hoobkas tshwj xeeb.
Hauv kev xyaum, pob nyiaj sivdaim pam hluav taws xobnquag tshem tawm ib qho kev ywj pheej nkaus xwb, tso siab rau ntawm lub ntsuas sov nkaus xwb raws li ib qho kev tiv thaiv. Yog tias qhov ntsuas kub tsis ua haujlwm, tag nrho lub voj voog tsis muaj qhov poob qis - qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas qis - cov khoom zoo muaj qhov xwm txheej ntau dua li cov khoom sib piv.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Nplaim Retardancy Ua Haujlwm hauv Cov Pam Kub Kub
Kev nkag siabYuav ua li cas daim pam hluav taws xob ua haujlwmlos ntawm qhov pom kev nyab xeeb txhais tau tias nkag siab cov nplaim hluav taws. Lub hom phiaj tsis yog los tiv thaiv covpam cua sovlos ntawm kev tsim cov cua sov - nws yog los xyuas kom meej tias txawm tias qhov chaw overheating tshwm sim, qhov kub tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev sib txuas txuas ntxiv hauv cov ntaub. Peb cov txheej txheem sib tshooj ua haujlwm ua ke kom ua tiav qhov no.
Gas-phase nplaim taws retardancy
Thaum nplaim hluav taws- cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo decompose nyob rau hauv tshav kub, lawv tso tawm cov khoom siv dawb dawb- radical scavengers uas cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov saw hlau ua kom tawg. Kev kub nyhiab tshwm sim nyob ntawm qhov kev tsim ntawm hydrogen- oxygen radicals; retardants cuam tshuam cov radicals thaum lub sij hawm nthuav tawm, tiv thaiv cov nplaim taws los ntawm kev ua tus kheej - txhawb nqa.
Condensed -theem nplaim taws retardancy
Phosphorus-raws li retardants txhawb nqa lub cev qhuav dej sai ntawm cov fibers hauv qab cua sov, tsim cov txheej txheem ruaj khov. Cov qauv char no ib txhij thaiv cov pa oxygen nkag mus thiab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cua sov los ntawm kev nkag mus tob rau hauv cov ntaub. The denser and more stable the char, the more durable the flame-retardant effect.
Cov txheej txheem thermal rwb thaiv tsev
Koob- punched nonwoven fabrics - tsim los ntawm kev rov xav dua fibers rau hauv ib qho entangled matrix - muaj ib qho xoob xoob, ntxeem tau sab hauv nrog cov thermal kuj zoo heev. Cov qauv no ua tau zoo lengthens lub tshav kub conduction txoj kev ntawm lub cua sov lub caij thiab cov ntaub txheej, tiv thaiv lub zos overheating los ntawm igniting lub nto txheej tam sim ntawd, thiab muas lub sij hawm rau lwm yam kev tiv thaiv mechanisms koom.
Peb theem ua haujlwm ua ke hauv qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm kev ua kom qis qis, cuam tshuam cov kev cuam tshuam combustion, thiab cais lub cev ntawm cov cua sov. Ib qho txheej txheem ntawm kev sib cais muaj kev tiv thaiv tsawg; tag nrho peb qhov sib xyaw ua ke tsim cov nplaim hluav taws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo-cov khoom tiv thaiv kab mob - uas yog vim li castxaus ntshai ntawm cua sov pamraug txo qis hauv cov khoom zoo - engineering.
Nplaim taws-Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv: xaiv thiab siv
Tus qauv ntsuas ntsuas rau cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab yog Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI): qhov tsawg kawg nkaus oxygen concentration yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev sib txuas hauv cov khoom siv. Atmospheric oxygen yog kwv yees li 21%; cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj LOI siab tshaj 26% tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag - hluav taws xob tiv thaiv ntiaj teb.
Nplaim taws-cov fibers retardant siv hauvdaim pam hluav taws xobpoob rau hauv ob pawg dav:
inherently nplaim taws-retardant thiab tiav-kho nplaim taws-retardant.
Inherently nplaim taws-retardant fibersmuab lawv cov nplaim taws tiv thaiv los ntawm cov qauv molecular ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, tsis tas yuav muaj kev kho mob ntxiv. Modacrylic fiber ntau yog cov piv txwv feem ntau siv hauvrhuab txaj khoom, nrog LOI ntawm 26% -31%. Nws cov tes mos zoo li - zoo ib yam li cov qauv acrylic - ua rau nws haum rau cov tawv nqaij -kev sib cuag, thiab nws cov nqi tswj tau ua rau nws xaiv qhov tseem ceeb rauthermal pam vov rau txajsab hauv txheej txheej. Aramid fiber ntau tshaj LOI 28%, tus kheej- tua tsis tau yaj lossis poob, thiab nyiam nyob rau hauv siab - kawg tiv thaiv daim ntawv thov, txawm hais tias nws tus nqi txwv nws txoj kev siv hauv cov neeg siv khoom- qibdaim pam hluav taws xob. FR polyester (phosphorus copolymer hom) yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw phosphorus -raws li comonomers thaum lub sij hawm polyester polymerization theem, ua tiav LOI qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 28% -32% nrog zoo heev ntxuav durability - nws yog tam sim no lub siab tshaj plaws - ntim inherently nplaim hluav taws siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm -hluav taws xob cua sov pam.
Ua kom tiav -kho cov nplaim hluav taws- retardant fibersyog cov fibers zoo tib yam uas raug kho rau saum npoo los yog impregnation nrog nplaim retardants. Nplaim taws- paj rwb retardant muaj lub ntuj txhais tes, tab sis kev sib raug zoo ntawm phosphorus-raws li cov neeg ua tiav thiab cov paj rwb fiber ntau tsis yog-covalent, lub ntsiab lus ntxuav durability yog txwv - tom qab ntau launderings, nplaim taws- retardant kev ua tau zoo poob ceeb thawj. Qhov no yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li caskoj puas tuaj yeem ntxuav daim pam hluav taws xob cua sovNws yog ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb: cov lus teb nyob ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tau siv. Nplaim taws- retardant polypropylene feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv rau rab koob - punched nonwoven inner liners; nrog nplaim taws-retardant masterbatch suav nrog rau hauv polypropylene matrix, LOI tuaj yeem ncav cuag 26% lossis siab dua ntawm tus nqi qis, txawm hais tias tag nrho cov nplaim hluav taws xob poob qis ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob tam sim no- retardant polyester.
Hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog siv cov nplaim hluav taws kub -cov ntaub polyester nonwoven ntaub ua cov txheej txheej insulating thiab nplaim taws- retardant modacrylic los yog FR polyester ntaub ua txheej txheej - ua ke ua nplaim taws - retardant barrier uas encases cov cua kub ntsiab lus.
Kev lag luam Variation nyob rau hauv nplaim taws-Cov ntaub ntawv retardant
Covdaim pam hluav taws xobkev lag luam nyob deb ntawm qhov sib xws hauv nws txoj hauv kev mus rau nplaim taws- cov ntaub ntawv retardant. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb muaj nyob thoob plaws cov hom lag luam thiab tus nqi qib, uas tau tsav los ntawm peb yam: tus qauv nqi, qhov chaw ua lag luam, thiab cov ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum tau ua.
Qhov sib faib nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab cov nplaim hluav taws xob ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov sib txawv. Inherently nplaim taws-cov ntaub ntawv retardant (xws li phosphorus-copolymer FR polyester) muaj nplaim taws-cov khoom retardant sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov pob txha molecular, nrog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ruaj khov tom qab 100+ ntxuav - ntsib lub sijhawm ntev -hluav taws xob daim pam nyab xeebcov kev xav tau ntawm hwm kev lag luam xa tawm hauv Europe thiab North America. Additive-raws li nplaim hluav taws- cov khoom retardant tuaj yeem raug nqi 30%–50% tsawg dua los tsim, tab sis qhov txwv tsis pub muaj zog ntawm cov retardant thiab fiber ntau txhais tau hais tias tom qab 3-5 xyoo ntawm kev siv thiab ntxhua khaub ncaws, nplaim taws- kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo yuav tau mus txog qhov tsis ua raws li - ua raws. Cov txheej txheem degradation no ncaj qha corroborates ESFI cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev pheej hmoo siab nyob rau hauvdaim pam hluav taws xobtshaj 10 xyoo.
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov nplaim taws- cov kab mob retardant kuj qhia meej qhov sib txawv. Phosphorus-raws li thiab phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic systems yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tam sim no, tsis muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus halogen - ua raws li EU REACH txwv, thiab cov qauv hauv cov khoom hwm thiab cov khoom xa tawm mus rau EU kev lag luam. Bromine-raws li retardants muaj cov nplaim taws siab heev- ua haujlwm tsis zoo tab sis muaj cov halogens; EU RoHS cov lus qhia txwv nruj, thiab lawv tseem nyob hauv qee qhov qis dua - cov khoom lag luam. Nitrogen{10}}raws li retardants muaj kev ua tau zoo nyob ib leeg thiab feem ntau yog siv los ua synergists hauv phosphorus systems, feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom uas muaj ib puag ncig siab dua.
Cov txheej txheem ntawv pov thawj txuas ntxiv nthuav dav qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv.Cov pam hluav taws xob puas nyab xeebnyob rau hauv ib lub khw muag khoom nyob ntawm ib feem ntawm cov qauv siv: cov khoom xa tawm mus rau EU yuav tsum ua raws li EN 13501 nplaim hluav taws- cov qauv kev faib tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab OEKO-TEX cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj muaj teeb meem, cov cai uas tsim nyog rau cov tuam txhab lag luam kom siv cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab- cov ntaub ntawv retardant. Cov khoom xa tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas yuav tsum dhau UL 964, uas tsom mus rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib txuas. Cov khoom lag luam hauv Suav teb raug tswj hwm los ntawm GB 4706.72, qhov nruab nrab - thiab qis dua - cov khoom lag luam qee zaum tsuas yog ua raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhov pib - lossis poob qis ntawm nws.
Hauv kev xyaum, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sau npe "nplaim retardant" yog loj heev. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem qhia koj seb puas yog nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab los yog cov khoom siv ntxiv, uas siv cov txheej txheem retardant, lossis qib ntawv pov thawj siv li cas. Cov khoom lag luam txhawb nqa los ntawm thib peb - tog ntawv pov thawj lub cev - xws liUL, ETL. Qhov no yog tam sim no qhov qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom thaum ntsuas qhovkev nyab xeeb ntawm cov pam hluav taws xobua ntej yuav khoom.
Cov qauv kev txhim kho los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv cua sov niaj hnub
Kev nyab xeeb logic ntawm tsoosdaim pam hluav taws xobNws yog ib qho tseem ceeb reactive: siv cov ntaub ntawv los tua hluav taws. Kev hloov pauv hauv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau muaj kev phom sij, qhov kev pheej hmoo txaus ntshai.
Cov pa roj carbon nanotube (CNT) zaj duab xis thev naus laus zis hloov cov kab hluav taws xob cua sov nrog cov cua kub sib txawv thoob plaws tag nrho cov nplaim, tshem tawm cov chaw kub kub ntawm qhov chaw. CNT zaj duab xis tiv thaiv folding thiab tsis tawg, tshem tawm cov xwm txheej uas ua rau arcing thiab localized overheating - ncaj qha hais txoghluav taws xob daim pam hlawvtxaus ntshai nyob rau hauv xaim -raws li kev tsim.
24V qis-voltage systems muab kev nyab xeeb hauv hluav taws xob. Raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ua txhaum cai - cov xaim puas, luv luv - cov xau tam sim no thiab lub zog arc nyob rau hauv 24V qhov system nyob deb dua li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom raug mob lossis tawg ntaub. Qhov no yog qhov zoo ntawm cov qauv uas 110V / 220V systems tsuas tuaj yeem rov ua dua.
Cov zis hluav taws xob qis txhais tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xwm txheej kub dhau yog txo los ntawm qhov chaw, es tsis yog cia siab rau cov nplaim taws- cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los them nyiaj tom qab qhov tseeb.Puas muaj kev nyab xeeb los pw nrog ib daim pam sovpowered los ntawm no architecture? Cov lus teb hloov pauv hauv paus - tsis yog vim tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws, tab sis vim tias cov xwm txheej rau hluav taws tsis tshua muaj peev xwm tsim tau txhua.
FAQ
Q: Puas muaj txoj hauv kev los txheeb xyuas cov nplaim hluav taws xob hauv tsev?
A: Tsis muaj kev sim hauv tsev yooj yim uas tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov ntsuas LOI qhov tseeb. Qhov ntawd tau hais tias, yog tias daim pam muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 5 xyoos thiab tau ntxuav ntau zaus, muaj lub caij nyoog zoo ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws - kev ua haujlwm retardant ntawm kev ua tiav- cov khoom kho tau degraded - thaum cov nplaim hluav taws kub - cov khoom retardant yuav tuav tau zoo dua. Koj cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog xyuas daim ntawv lo: yog tias nws hais tias "FR polyester," "hloov acrylic," lossis "phosphorus-raws li copolymer," nws yog cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab thiab cov kav ntev yog txhim khu kev qha. Yog tias nws tsuas yog hais tias "polyester" lossis "paj rwb" nrog cov nplaim taws - ntawv pov thawj retardant, feem ntau yuav raug kho nrog cov tshuaj pleev ib ce.
Q: Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob nruab nrab ntawm daim pam siv rau 3 xyoos piv rau 8 xyoo?
A: Rau inherently nplaim taws- khoom retardant - zoo li phosphorus-raws li copolymer FR polyester - nplaim taws- retardant muaj nuj nqi yog tsim rau hauv cov qauv molecular, yog li qhov txawv ntawm 3 thiab 8 xyoo yog negligible. Ua tiav- cov khoom siv kho mob yog ib zaj dab neeg sib txawv: cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau sib koom ua ke ntawm cov fiber ntau los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tsis yog-covalent, txhais tau tias txhua txhua ntxuav ua rau poob tsis tau.
Q: Yog tias cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau ploj mus, nws puas muaj kev pheej hmoo kom siv daim pam?
A: Cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tsis ncaj qha ua rau hluav taws kub - qhov nws hloov yog qhov hluav taws kub tuaj yeem nres sai yog tias muaj cua sov hauv cheeb tsam tshwm sim. Nrog cov nplaim hluav taws zoo, yog tias cov cua sov ua haujlwm tsis zoo, cov ntaub yuav char thiab nws tus kheej - tua. Yog tsis muaj nws, cov ntaub yuav kub hnyiab thiab kis tau.
Q: Dab tsi ntawm qhov degradation koj yuav tsum hloov daim pam?
A: Qhov kev daws teeb meem huv tshaj plaws yog xaiv cov nplaim hluav taws kub ntawm lub hauv paus- cov khoom retardant los ntawm qhov pib thiab tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau hu rau qhov kev txiav txim. Yog tias koj twb muaj qhov ua tiav- cov khoom kho uas tau ntxuav ntau dua 50 zaug lossis siv rau ntau tshaj 5 xyoos, hloov nws yog qhov ua tau zoo. Yog tias koj tseem siv nws, xyuas kom tseeb tias nws muaj ib qho kev ywj pheej fuse, tsis muaj cov cim ntawm kev laus ntawm cov hlau, thiab koj tau nruj me ntsis kom tsis txhob muaj kev pheej hmoo siab - cov cwj pwm pheej hmoo xws li folding nws lossis tso cov khoom hnyav rau saum nws thaum siv.